[Study of seasonal variation on essential oil content and constituents of eucalyptus [Eucalyptus globules] in three zones of Kermanshah Province]

Background: Eucalyptus globulus is one of the aromatic and medicinal plants belong to Myrtaceae family. The main combination of essential oil of this plant contains 1-8 Cineole with many medicinal properties

Objective: The effect of harvesting time and location on the essential oil content and composition of eucalyptus [Eucalyptus globulus] leaves

Methods: This experiment was conducted in three regions of Kermanshah province [SarPol-e Zahab, Qasr-e Shirin and Gilan-e Gharb] and four seasons [spring, summer, autumn and winter] on factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014- 2015. The leaves essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation and its qualitative and quantitative analyses of oils were performed by gas chromatography [GC] and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry [GC/MS]

Results: The effect of regions and harvesting time on the essential oil content and component of eucalyptus was significant at 1% level. So that the highest number of constituents [39 Compounds] of the oils and the highest amount of the main ingredients 1,8 cineoles, alpha-pinen, alpha terpinen were observed in Qasr-e Shirin and Gilan-e Gharb area in the summer

Conclusion: The harvesting time was one of the most important factors influencing the amount of active ingredient of medicinal plants and the highest emount of essential oils and main componds of eucalyptus was obtained in summer

[The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Nectaroscordum tripedale on liver and kidney functional parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats]

Introduction: the reducing effects of some of tripedale family plants on blood glucose, lipids and enzymes have been reported. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Nectaroscordum tripedale on liver and kidney function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Materials and Methods: forty male rats were randomly divided into five groups [n=8 each]. Groups 1, 3 [normal control and diabetic control] received distilled water, group 2 received 50 mg/kg/day Nectaroscordum tripedale extract, and the groups 4 and 5 [treatment groups 1 and 2] received 50 and 100 mg/kg/day of the Nectaroscordum tripedale extract respectively for 21 consecutive days. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin in rats. At the end of the 21st day, blood samples were collected by heart puncture. Serum levels of ALP, AST, ALT, Alb, BUN, creatinine and urea were evaluated

Results: results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of Nectaroscordum tripedale can increase the average body weight in the treatments groups. ALP, AST, ALT, BUN levels decreased, wherease level of albumin [Alb] increased in a dose-dependent manner at the end experimental period [P<0.05]

Conclusion: our results showed that the extract of Nectaroscordum tripedale improved liver and kidney function in a dose dependent manner in experimental conditions

Marginal micro-leakage of self-etch and all-in one adhesives to primary teeth, with mechanical or chemo-mechanical caries removal

Statement of Problem: Chemo-mechanical caries removal is an effective alternative to the traditional rotary drilling method. One of the factors that can influence micro-leakage is the method of caries removal

Objectives: To compare the micro-leakage of resin composite in primary dentition using self-etch and all-in one adhesives following conventional and chemo-mechanical caries removal

Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted human primary anterior teeth with class III carious lesions were collected. The selected teeth were divided randomly into two groups each consisting of 30 teeth. In group1 carious lesions were removed using Carisolv multi mix gel. In group 2, caries was removed using round steel burs in a slow-speed hand piece. Then, the specimens in each group were randomly divided into two subgroups [A and B] of 15 and treated by either Clearfil SE Bond [CSEB] or Scotch bond. All prepared cavities were filled with a resin composite [Estellite]. All the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37[degree sign]C for 24 hours and then thermocycled in 5[degree sign] C and 55[degree sign] C water with a dwell time of 20 seconds for 1500 cycles. The specimens were immersed in 1% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, removed, washed and sectioned mesiodistally. The sectioned splits were examined under a stereomicroscope to determine the micro-leakage scores. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis Test in SPSS version 21

Results: There were no significant differences between micro-leakage scores among the four groups [p = 0.127]. Score 0 of micro-leakage was detected for 60% of the specimens in group 1-A [Carisolv + CSEB], 73% of the group 2-A [hand piece + CSEB], 80% of the group 1-B [Carisolv + Scotch bond], and 93% of the group 2-B in which caries was removed using hand piece and bonded with Scotch bond

Conclusions: Although caries removal using hand piece bur along with using Scotch bond adhesive performed less micro-leakage, it would seems that the use of Carisolv doesn't adversely affect the micro-leakage of composite restorations while using self-etch or all-in one adhesives

Effect of caries removal methods on the shear bond strength of resin and glass ionomeradhesives to primary dentin

Statement of Problem: There is no enough published data about the shear bond strength of resin modified glass ionomer adhesives on caries-affected primary tooth dentin excavated using minimally invasive systems

Objective: To evaluate the shear bond strength of 2 different adhesives [one resin modified glass ionomer and one resin] using two caries removal techniques on healthy and caries-affected primary dentin

Materials and Methods: Two caries removal methods including mechanical [handpiece] and chemomechanical [Carisolv] techniques and two types of adhesives including one resin adhesive [Clearfil SE Bond; CSEB, Kuraray] and one resin-modified glass ionomer adhesive [Riva Bond LC; RBLC, SDI] were used in this study. Ten extracted healthy primary teeth were used for the control group. The teeth were sectioned bucco-lingually and mesio-distally in order to obtain four specimens from each tooth. Thirty suitable specimens were selected as the "control" and randomly divided into two groups of "sound dentin" based on the type of the adhesive used. Sixty extracted caries affected teeth were used for the carious group; sectioned as mentioned above and sixty suitable specimens were selected as the "treatment". Then the specimens were arbitrarily divided into four groups based on caries removal techniques and the type of adhesive used [n = 15]. After bonding with either CSEB or RBLC, the specimens were restored with a resin composite by means of PVC tubes and subjected to the shear bond strength test. The data was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test

Results: The specimens in Carisolv group bonded with CSEB [11.68 +/- 3.1] showed a statistically significant higher mean bond strength followed by those in handpiece group bonded with CSEB [9.4 +/- 2.7], which exhibited higher mean values than those groups with RBLC [p < 0.05]. Shear bond strength values for Clearfil SE Bond was not significantly higher than Riva Bond LC when used in sound dentin

Conclusion: The lowest shear bond strengths for both adhesives were observed on caries-free dentin

[ effects of iron nanoparticles in combination with Lactobacillus casei on growth parameters and probiotic counts in rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss] intestine]

Background: Today the use of natural substances plays a major role in improving the growth and immunity of aquatic organisms

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Iron nanoparticles with Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic on growth parameters and probiotic counts in rainbow trout intestine

Methods: Seven hundred and twenty fish with 12 +/- 0.49 g initial weight were prepared and after acclimatized to the laboratory conditions divided randomly into six groups. First group was selected as control, other groups were fed with a commercial diet supplemented with 108 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei [group 2], 50 micro g/kg Iron nanoparticles [group 3], 100 micro g/kg Iron nanoparticles [group 4], 50 micro g/kg Iron nanoparticles with 108 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei [group 5] and 100 micro g/kg Iron nanoparticles with 108 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei [group 6], respectively. Biometry and intestine bacteriologic examination were carried out at days 0 and 60

Results: Results showed that growth parameters [weight gain, body weight gain, specific growth rate, daily growth rate, and condition factor and food conversion rate] were significantly higher in group 5 compared with the other groups. Also, intestine bacterial counts increased by using Iron nanoparticles in combination with Lactobacillus casei. The fish that received 100 micro g/kg Iron nanoparticles and probiotic had significantly higher bacterial counts in their intestine compared with the other groups

Conclusions: Based on the obtained results we conclude that diet supplementation with Iron nanoparticles and Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic could significantly improve growth parameters in rainbow trout. However, these results would warrant further study on the clinical application of these agents

[Assessment of the reliability and validity of the Farsi translation of the [orthognathic quality of life questionnaire] in 10-14 year-olds in Shiraz]

The Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire [OQLQ] was designed by Cunningham in 2001 to assess the quality of life of patients in relation to orthodontic treatments. This study sought to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Farsi version of OQLQ in 10-14 year-olds in Shiraz This descriptive analytical study was conducted on 240 students in the age range of 10-14 years that were randomly selected from the 4 educational districts in shiraz. One elementary and one middle school were selected from each district. The OQLQ questionnaire contains two sections. The first section asks for demographic information of patients and the second part contains 22 questions regarding the quality of life in relation to dental status. This questionnaire was translated to Farsi using the standard forward-backward translation method. The standardized Cronbach's alpha, alpha if item deleted, item-total correlation and inter-item coefficients were used for the assessment of the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. For the calculation of test-retest validity, 30 students filled out the questionnaire again 2 weeks after the first session. Mann Whitney U and Chi square tests were used to assess the correlation between the different aspects of the quality of life in the questionnaire and willingness to take the treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 software. The internal consistency analysis of the OQLQ indicated a good correlation between questions and domains of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha in this study was 0.86. For the calculation of test-retest reliability of the questionnaire, weighted kappa was found to be 0.91. Mann Whitney U and Chi square tests found significant differences between willingness for orthodontic treatment and dentofacial esthetics [part 2, P=0.008] and knowledge about dentofacial esthetics [part 4, P=0.018]. Farsi translation of OQLQ is a suitable tool for the assessment of the effect of dentofacial problems on thequality of life of orthognathic patients in an Iranian population

Investigation of the awareness of the students of Shiraz dental school concerning the patients' rights and the principles of ethics in dentistry

Statement of Problem: Deliberating the patients' rights is one of the major human ethical and legal principles which can be investigated through the agenda of professional and medical ethics accordingly, the students of dentistry have to be educated about this issue and achieve the necessary skills in deliberating and concerning the patients' rights

Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate Shiraz dental students' awareness and attitude regarding the patients' rights as well as the principles of dental ethics in order to design methods for organizing and improving the ethics in dentistry

Materials and Method: The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 111 students of different departments of Shiraz Dental School. The study data were collected through a questionnaire designed based on the patients' rights charter in Iran, ADA ethical codes which are internationally acceptable in the field of dentistry, and the guidelines of the ministry of health, treatment, and medical education [No. 140588]. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS statistical software and analyzed

Results: Of all participants, 21.6% were men and 78.4% were women. According to the results, 71% of the students were acquainted with the patients' rights. In addition, the patients' characteristics, including gender and nationality, were not important for 58.6% of the students

Conclusion: The study findings showed that 71% of the participants were acquainted with the patients' rights Establishment of a comprehensive, integrated charter in Iran is needed. With rapid development of medical sciences, new issues appear which necessitate taking into account the mutual rights of the physicians, people, and patients

[Survival of alginate-prebiotic microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus in mayonnaise sauce]

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria is the newest method for increasing the survival ability of probiotics in Food products. The Lactobacillus acidophilus as a probiotic bacterium has more beneficial effects and the low survival of this bacterium under food processing conditions and adverse environment have been studied by many researchers

OBJECTIVES: In this study, Lactobacillus acidophilus was added to mayonnaise sauce as either free cells or encapsulated and the survival of probiotic was evaluated during storage for 30 days at 4oC.

METHODS: The emulsion method was performed for the microencapsulation process of Lactobacillus acidophilus. A morphological characteristic of capsules was indicated by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope

RESULTS: The microencapsulation with calcium alginate-resistant starch significantly affected [p<0.05] the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus compared to free state in mayonnaise sauce. No differences were detectable in the morphological of capsules with resistant starch by scanning electron microscope and Sensory properties of mayonnaise sauce were improved by the addition of encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus

CONCLUSIONS: The microencapsulation significantly increased the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus

[Association of serum cortisol with critical illness scoring and prognosis in intensive care unit]

Background: The prevalence of adrenal insufficiency and association of serum cortisol with prognosis in intensive care unit patients is controversial. Some studies have shown a direct association between serum cortisol and bad prognosis while in other studies no such association has been made

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the association between serum cortisol and prognosis of patients in intensive care unit

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study performed on intensive care unit patients of Bou-Ali teaching hospital in Qazvin [Iran] in 2009. Serum cortisol levels were measured before and after injection of cosyntropin. Basal cortisol level below 441 nmol/l was interpreted as adrenal insufficiency. In patients with serum cortisol between 441 and 938 nmol/l following injection of cosyntropin the level of serum cortisol was re-measured after 60 min. Patients with serum cortisol response less than 255 nmol/l were interpreted as having partial adrenal insufficiency. Later, patients were divided into 4 groups based on APACHE scoring system. Association of serum cortisol with APACHE score, hypotension, intubation, and mortality was evaluated

Findings: Of 60 patients under study, none found to have adrenal insufficiency. Serum cortisol was independently associated with mortality, hypotension, and intubation

Conclusion: Based on results found through this study, Adrenal insufficiency was not common in ICU patients and serum cortisol could be used as a predictor of prognosis

[Comparing performance indicators of obstetric and gynecology ward with expected limits of indicators]

The existed difference statistical indicators is necessary to measure the efficiency of the health organization and as an exact strategy, could be removed the developed problems in heath services sectors. This is a descriptive research as a cross sectional study throughout obstetric and gynecology wards in the general hospital of RASOOL. The questionnaires and statistical Forms applied for data gathering. The methods were completed questionnaires, statistical Forms, face to face interviews and observation. The Delphi technique, standardized questionnaires and references' text books used to determining the reliability and validity. Data analysis was done by using likret ranking. The showed that some indicators, such as inpatient bed occupied rate [63%], bed turnover interval[5] and mean length of stay[4], patient per nurse[19], meanwhile service education[10], staff per active bed[1for 12], midwife per delivery bed[0], staff[50.9%] and patient satisfaction[89%] were lower than expected. Some indicators such as rooming in technique[100%], breast feeding[100%], patient information access from HIS system[100%], emergency and hostelling medicine access[100%], round and morning reports[100%], the mean admitted time in the ward[30 minutes], Infant and maternal mortality rate per total deliveries[0], and the percentage of trained patient[100%] were as expected. Some indicators such as expert physician per active bed [1 for 7] and C/S per total delivery ratio [69%] which was higher than expected, and the necessary data for calculating book and papers per assistant professor and non colonial infection rate were not found. Hospital indicators showed the performance of hospitals in the various bases. Therefore, the broad attentions to these indicators are necessary. Meanwhile, it should be compared them and to distinct time periods

Designing indicators hierarchy tree by using analytical hierarchy process in obstetrics and gynecology wards - Rasool Hospital, 2008

Each organization urgently needs a system evaluation for perception of desirability of the activities especially in complex and dynamic environments. In the other hand, Absence of an evaluation and controlling system in an organization is equal to lack of having communication with internal and external organizational environment which its outcome is organizational death. This is a descriptive study in the obstetric and genecology wards. Library studies, questionnaire, field studies and expert opinions used for data gathering. Indicators' tree was designed by using analytical hierarchy process. The Delphi technique used for nominating the reliability of research. Several stages in process of designing a hierarchy are necessary which composed; determining performance indicators, regimentation of indicators and designing the tree, weighting and determining inconsistency rate. Performance evaluations of all wards in hospitals should been done by a systematic model in specific period of time. To identify this aim the specific performance indicators were necessary. Analytical hierarchy process could be an appropriate model for hospital wards performance in the evaluation

[Epidemiological features of needle stick injuries among nursing staff]

Injury with contaminated sharp devices like used needles is the great potential risk factor in nursing staff. Severity of infectious complications of these injuries demonstrated the value of prophylactic activities. To evaluate epidemiologic features of needle stick injuries and coverage of Hepatitis B vaccine among nursing staff in Bualisina hospital in Qazvin from March 2007 to March 2008. In this cross sectional descriptive study, data of needle stick injuries if staff was gathered by direct interview. For statistical analysis were used t student, chi square and Fisher exact test. P value above 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In this period among 172 nurses, 55 subjects experienced needle stick injuries [32%]. There was no statiscally relationship between needle stick injuries with educational level, gender, and related training courses; but there was a statiscally relationship between the injuries and the number of continous shifts. Reporting the injury to the hospital supervisors was statiscally significant in nurses who had university education. According to undesirable complications of needle stick injuries, it is considered to organize educational programs in order to decreasing continues shifts in nursing staff and emphasis major priority of prevention methods

[Management of patients with suspected septic arthritis admitted to Qazvin teaching hospitals [2003-2008]]

Septic arthritis is one of the most common causes of joint destruction. The aim of this study was to assess management of definitive or suspected cases of septic arthritis in educational hospitals of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences within 2003 to 2008. This was an observational study performed based on existing data. The medical files of patients with arthritis in three hospitals were assessed. Patients were hospitalized in orthopedic, rheumatology and pediatrics wards. Intravenous antibiotic receivers for arthritis [more than three days] were analyzed [174 cases] and all necessary information was collected. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics. Of total study population, 57.5% of cases were males, 70.6% under the age 12 years, and 85.2% with mono-articular involvement. The most common joint involved was knee in adults [39.6%] and hip in children [47.2%]. Trauma was the most common predisposing factor [73%] whereas limitation in movement found to be the most frequent [85.6%] clinical manifestation at the time of admission. Only 57 patients underwent arthrocenthesis and positive culture results were found in 8 cases. Essential considerations such as smear, gram staining and assessing the presence of crystals in synovial fluid were not accomplished to an acceptable level yet the less important criteria such as lactate dehydrogenase, protein, and glucose concentrations of synovial fluid were tested for majority of patients. Antibiotic regimen composed of an anti-staphylococcal agent in most cases. Within the first four hours following admission, 54.6% of cases received intravenous antibiotics and 24.7% of cases received IV antibiotic therapy for longer than two weeks. According, to inappropriate management of patients with definite and suspected septic arthritis, attempts should be made to consider parameters such as careful history and physical examination, correct duration of antibiotic therapy, and the process of determining the type of microorganisms causing septic arthritis including smear and culture of synovial fluid as well as taking necessary measures to improve the current conditions

[Comparison of fasting glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in liver cirrhosis]

Diabetes mellitus [DM] and glucose intolerance are commonly associated with liver cirrhosis and considered as important prognostic factors in liver cirrhosis. To determine the more sensisitive test for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in liver cirrhosis. A total of 92 patients with liver cirrhosis were enrolled in a descriptive-analytic study. The levels of FBS and blood sugar two hours after ingestion of 75gr glucose [OGTT] were measured. FBS and 2-hPG concentrations were analysed for all subjects. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to analyse the data and p values <0.05 were considered as significant. A total of 92 cirrhotic cases with mean age of 54.1 +/- 14.1 years were enrolled in this study of which 51 cases were males [55.4%] and 41 females [44.6%]. Using FBS measurement test, DM was diagnosed in 14 subjects [15.2%], impaired fasting glucose [IFG] in 16 subjects [17.4%], and normal fasting glucose in 62 subjects [67.4%]. However, when OGTT was employed, DM found to be present in 36 subjects [39.1%] impaired glucose tolerance [IGT] in 26 subjects [28.3%], and normal glucose tolerance [NGT] in 30 subjects [32.6%]. Comparison of FBS and OGTT [as gold standard test] showed that there was a significant difference between two tests [p<0.001]. The sensitivity of FBS test to diagnose DM was 46.7% with a specificity of 96.7%. The P.P.V and NPV were 96.7% and 46.7%, respectively. The FBS cut off was estimated at 83.50 mg/dl. The determination of FBS level seems to be insufficient in detecting DM in patients with liver cirrhosis. Thus, in addition to FBS measurement, the OGTT, as a routine test for cirrhosis, is recommended

Transfusion audit of blood products using the World Health Organization Basic Information Sheet in Qazvin, Islamic Republic of Iran

We assessed the practicality of using the transfusion basic Information Sheet [BIS] for data collection, to determine the overall adequacy of physician documentation of Blood product transfusion, and to make an audit of the appropriateness of blood product transfusion. The transfusion process and clinical indications for transfusions administered to adult hospitalized patients in 3 tertiary care teaching hospitals in Qazvin were prospectively reviewed. Adequate documentation was achieved in transfusion episodes, range 41%-73%, depending on the medical specialty; 15.7% of red blood cells and whole blood requests, 40.8% of platelet requests and 34.1% of fresh frozen plasma requests were inappropriate. BIS-based information along with data collection can be used to provide feedback regarding the effectiveness of and compliance with local and national transfusion guidelines

Temperature recording sites in infants, children, and adults

Axilla, mouth, and rectum are the most common sites for thermometric measurement. There is no universally accepted belief about how to predict one of them from others. In a cross-sectional hospital-based study at two educational hospitals in Qazvin Province, mercury in glass thermometers were used and then calibrated with digital thermometer within +/- 0.1°C. The axillary temperature was compared with oral or rectal ones in 50 infants, 100 children, and 100 adults. The mean difference between axillary and rectal temperature in infants was 0.366 °C [ +/- 0.21], while those between oral and axilary in children and adults were 0.667 °C [ +/- 0.37] and 0.494 °C [ +/- 0.3], respectively. Among infants, 98% of the oral and rectal readings were stabilized at 5 and 3 minutes, respectively. In children, 98% of the oral readings were stabilized at five but for axilla, 99% by 6 minutes. For adults, 95% of the oral readings were stabilized at 5 minutes while for axilla, it was 96% by 6 minutes. In less than 3 month old infants, axillary temperature accurately reflects the rectal temperature. Axillary and rectal thermometry in infants should be read after 5 and 3 minutes, while oral temperature in children and adults should be read after 6 and 5 minutes, respectively

[Effect of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on perception of stressors in recurrent headache patients]

A specific event is not stressor for all persons. It is perception that determines an event is stressor or not. Headache causes that peoples have problems to evaluate events. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of group therapy on perception of stressors in recurrent headache patients. In this semi-experimental study on female students of Shiraz University, 20 students diagnosed as having headache were selected as case group. Control group was consisted of 32 normal students with same sex and age as case group. Both groups [case and control] were asked to fill a Daily Minor Hassles Questionnaire. They were compared for two variables, perception of the unpleasant stressors and the frequency of unpleasant stressors. In second part of the research, patients in the case group were asked to participate in a 90 minute session per week for 9 weeks. They were compared in three conditions of pre-test, mid-test and post-test. Data were analyzed using independent t-student and paired t-test. Our results showed a significant difference between headache [case] group and normal [control] group in perception of the unpleasant stressors and the frequency of unpleasant stressors [P<0.05]. We also found that cognitive-behavioral group therapy throughout the therapeutic sessions decreased perception of the unpleasant stressors and the frequency of unpleasant stressors in headache patients. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy decreases perception of the unpleasant stressors and the frequency of unpleasant stressors in patients with recurrent headache

[Prevalence of pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in urine cultures of patients referred to Avesina medical center in Qazvin]

Knowledge of antimicrobial susceptibility is a suitable method in empirical use of antimicrobial agents. This study was designed to detect the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infections. This prospective study investigated the positive urine cultures of out-patients and inpatient of Avesina Teaching hospital in Qazvin during 3 months from July to September 2007. The antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing was performed by disk diffusion method. Among 224 urine samples, E coli was the most common species [61.2%] followed by Pseudomonas [10.3%], Kelebsiella [8.9%], and coagulase negative staphylococci [6.3%]. Nitrofurantoin [72.4%] and Amikacin [77%] were shown to be the most effective drugs on E coli species with Amikacin showing the highest efficacy on Pseudomonas species [50%]. E coli was the most common pathogen with maximum susceptibility to Nitrofurantoin. Hence, the administration of this drug in treatment of indoor and uncomplicated forms of UTI is recommended. Intravenously, Amikacin was found to be the most effective agent for such clinical complications

[ evaluation of psychometric properties of headache disability inventory in the headache patients]

Headache is one of the most prevalent medical complaints and causes undesirable effects on the human kind feelings and life style. Regarding these complications, the scientific society requires methods to measure them. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to obtain factor structure, validity and reliability of the Headache Disability Inventory [HDI]. In an analytical-descriptive study, this inventory was administrated on 100 headache patients referred to a hospital in Shiraz. The patients selected randomly to filled in a questionnaire based on SCL-25. The validity of the inventory was investigated by three different methods: construct validity [factor analysis], concurrent validity and convergent validity. Factor analysis of the inventory was used through varimax rotation based on Skree test. The concurrent validity of the HDI was measured by SCL-25 and in convergent validity, correlation coefficients of emotional and functional subscales with total score was calculated. The reliability coefficients of the inventory were calculated in spilt-half and internal consistency methods. Factor analysis of the inventory showed that two factors labeled emotional and functional which covered 36 percent of the total variance. In concurrent validity, correlation coefficients of the total score, emotional and functional factors of the HDI and SCL-25 were 0.71, 0.51 and 0.55, respectively. In convergent validity, correlation coefficients of emotional and functional subscales with total score were 0.79 and 0.91, and together was 0.48. In reliability, the spilt-half reliability coefficient was 0.77 and Cronbah's alpha coefficients for total score, emotional factor and functional factor were 0.86, 0.68 and 0.83, respectively. Based on the results, this inventory [questionnaire] has appropriate reliability and validity in Iranian society and is a suitable scale for using in research and clinical situations

effect of horizontal pin on fracture resistance of composite restored endodontcally treated teeth

Restoration of endodontically treated teeth by a simple method, with low cost in a short time is one of the major problems in dentistry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of horizontal pins in fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary premolars restored with composite. In this study, 48 sound, closed apex, maxillary human premolars, without crack, extracted for orthodontic reasons, were randomly divided into 3 groups of 16 as follows; Group 1: intact [unprepared] teeth. Group 2; composite restoration without horizontal pin. Group 3: composite restoration with 2 horizontal pins in buccal cusp. In groups 2,3 after preparation of the standard access cavity and endodontic treatment, the palatal cusp was reduced to 1.5 mm coronal to the CEJ, leaving the remaining buccal cusp 3mm in buccolingual thickness at the height of contour. After thermocycling, each tooth was loaded in compression until fracture occured. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test. The pattern of fracture was analyzed by Chi-Square test. The mean fracture resistance in groups 1-3 were 689.59 +/- 179, 632.86 +/- 119 and 533.49 +/- 168 [in N] respectively. The differences between group 1 and group 3 were statistically significant [p<0.05]. Among patterns of fracture, the maximum number of favourable fractures occured in group 1 and the minimum number was in group 3. 1] Composite restoration with dentin bonding agents in endodontically treated maxillary premolars increased resistance to fracture. 2] Horizontal pins caused statistically significant reduction in fracture resistance of teeth. 3] The use of horizontal pins did not result in favorable fracture pattern